Can We Know When to Trust Our Emotions in the Pursuit of Knowledge? Essay

The question advocates that we can from time to time trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge. And generally we presume that it may be possible to know when to trust emotions and that emotions can help us in the acquisition of knowledge. And you may challenge these presumptions. Maybe it is not possible to know when to trust our emotions, and maybe our emotions have a limited value in the pursuit of knowledge, but to what I aim to analyse is to what extent do our emotions play a role in the pursuit of knowledge. After being elected as the captain of my house, a post which came armed with heavy responsibilities, my luck struck out in getting the ideal vice captain to assist me. Hence, I was forced to consider replacing my vice captain. Be that as it may, it just so happened that this replacement happens to be a good friend of mine, which led me to question whether or not I was doing the right thing. Am I choosing to replace my current vice captain out of whats best for my house or am I simply replacing him out of the emotional attachment for my good friend. Taking my emotions into consideration, my judgment is affected to some extent, but at the same time it doesn’t mean that it prevents me form making the right decision. While I did want my friend as my new vice captain, there were also facts to support the way I felt about why my current vice captain had to be replaced. Having said that even if my friend turned out to be even worse than his predecessor then I would on some level act rationally and replace my friend as well with someone else. Maybe that someone else might be chosen on the basis of my liking of that person but nevertheless the fact that I was willing to strip that post from him for the good of my house shows that it isn’t always down to our emotions which affect our judgement and how that judgement affects our pursuit of knowledge. The pursuit of knowledge in this case discusses knowing what is truly fair and right, and while I did what I thought was best for my house, I was also simultaneously fulfilling my own personal 1interests by choosing a close friend. The way I look at it, there is no harm in killing two birds with one stone. Then again when I say I did what I did because it was best for my house then the only reason I did what was best for my house was because of the emotional attachment I had towards my house itself and if changing my house captain was what I had to do then either way which ever decision I took was because my of emotions. So how do our emotions pave our path in our understanding of the decisions we make and weather those decisions are ethical or not? And how do those decisions in turn affect the way we pursue knowledge? Decision making requires a very cognitive thinking and conditional to the situation we are in we can classify our decisions as emotional or logical decisions. Making a logical decision requires us to exclude our emotions and seek to use only rational methods in arriving at a resolution. Such a situation could involve solving a simple maths problem. Considering my real life situation where is was supposed reach a verdict by using my emotional and logical thinking, making a choice in my houses best interest was on the basis of my logical thinking which was fueled my emotional attachment towards my house. Essentially to a large extent reason and emotions do go in conjunction with each other. Its been widely proven that the reasoning and emotional centers of our brains are inclined to work together in many situations from choosing which movie to watch to solving mathematical equations, to making ethical choices. In an experiment conducted by Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, a group of subjects who had sustained brain injuries in the part of the brain where emotions were generated were studied. Everything about them remained the same except for the fact that they lost the ability to feel emotions. In his observations he found that their ability to make decisions was severely impaired. They could logically illustrate what they were doing but in practice found it very difficult to make decisions about what to eat, where to live, etc. Subjects like mathematics through which we use deductive logic to gain certain knowledge and state a valid argument on the basis of a true axiom or premise might seem rather emotionless compared to subjects to like the arts which involve terms like inspiration and expression of oneself through his/her emotions but as different as they seem, they both go hand in hand. When you tell a person he/she is horrible at a particular subject, he/she looses the motivation to push himself/herself to excel in that subject, however if you told that same person that he/she has a lot of potential to transcend in a certain subject, he/she feels obligated to unlock this talent he/she has for this subject that other people claim he/she has. By simply manipulating that persons emotions, you can essentially affect the way that person pursues that particular subject. An ground breaking event in history which incorporates biology and religion would be the time when Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution. While various religions have to come to reconcile their beliefs in this theory, there are religions that raise various objections to the concept of evolution. The religion of Christianity for example talks about how the world was created by its god in seven days, and this ideology had stayed strong and had been passed down generations for thousands of years. Even till today young children are acquainted with this story until the eight grade when they learn of Darwin’s theory of evolution. This sudden revelation of the truth can instigate people to deeply question their faith and its teachings which can deeply affect them on an emotional platform. Christianity like all religions give its followers a sense of belonging. They take pride in being a Christian and strictly follow its principals and values which were imbibed into them by their parents and their church, and to a large extent their faith plays a big role in defining their integrity and character. That being the case when they learn that all those years being followers of Christianity could well be a lie, it can cause them to fear and question their values and virtues. Due to the fact that their religion gave them so much happiness and joy, they would come to blindly accept it without casting any aspersions about it. As a result those positive emotions led them to could their reasoning and prevented them from thinking clearly therefore predominantly affecting their way of learning and how they accepted different truths. From the above example people are now forced to fight emotions with reasoning, and instead of blindly accepting any theories or prophecies told to them, people take a larger initiative to believe in these unknown theories only after personally witnessing it or understanding that respective phenomenon from studying rational facts. And yet from this whole phenomenon of evolution which changed the face of the world, millions of people are still strong believers of Christianity. And while they have simultaneously come to terms with the numerous theories which defy their religion, they continue living life by balancing their beliefs with what science throws at them. The fact of the matter is that believing in a greater power gives people a sense of comfort during a time of difficulty, it gives them this sense of safety that they have something or someone they can turn to, to help keep themselves and their emotions sound and under control. And maybe at the cost of escaping the actual truth they may give into their emotions to keep themselves convinced and satisfied in the fantasies which they feel protect them from the harshness of reality. And for that reason yes I do feel that our emotions affect our pursuit of knowledge and not in a way that we can trust them for the fact that our emotions strongly dilute reality to help us humans cope with life’s obstacles. 2 Emotions play a big role in the one of the ways of knowing. In fact emotions can be so powerful that it can sometime change our other ways of knowing, such as the way we perceive the world. It can drive us away from logic and even change the way we use language. In the end I have analysed how our emotions can give rise to us escaping the truth, and notwithstanding the fact that at the same time our emotions are also key to helping us make logical decisions.

Key Drivers Essay

Given that the development of new systems can be fraught with problems and delays, what drives organisations to develop systems? The most important drivers come directly from the needs of the business and are often not related to technology, but require technological solutions. There are a number of possible triggers for the need to develop a new system including users identifying a need, organisations needing to grow or acquire other companies in order to extend their market share, the need to reduce staffing costs or an organisation needing to keep up with competitors. A few more drivers are considered here: Need for growth Sometimes businesses can become stagnant. This means they are not growing (gaining new business and exploring new opportunities) or they are shrinking (losing business). Eventually, businesses that do not have any movement or change will begin to decline, although this can take some time. Most organisations want to advance – they want to expand, become involved in new markets and increase profits. They need to grow to survive and for this they have to have a strategic plan. This is where the company decides what it wants to do and what direction it wants to take. As part of this process, its systems will be examined to ensure that they are capable of supporting the proposed growth. If this is not the case, then the organisation has time to address the issues. Company acquisition It is not unusual for one company to buy out another. For example, the media company Telewest was purchased by the larger group NTL a few years ago. Since then, it has been sold again – this time to the Virgin Media Group. An organisation may well buy another company for any one of or combination of the following reasons: To access new markets: A company selling sports equipment, for example, buys a sports clothing company so that it can add products and services to its portfolio that it feels will interest its existing customers. Alternatively, an organisation might purchase a company active in a completely different market sector so that it can get involved in new different activities. To increase market share of existing business: One supermarket chain buys out another supermarket chain, thus having more outlets and business overall. To acquire particular assets: Sometimes the acquisition is because one company needs to purchase the assets of another company so that it can use them itself. An example might be a car manufacturer buying an advertising company so that it can reduce its marketing and advertising costs. If one organisation acquires another, it can do one of two things: Allow the systems to continue running separately for each company Find ways of integrating systems so that organisations can work together Which route is taken will depend very much on what managers intended when they purchased the company. If the acquiring company does not intend to keep its acquisition, for example, there would be little point in integrating the systems. Need to increase productivity When systems have been in place for a period of time, they are said to decay. This means that they become less and less useful to the organisation. At implementation: System will be heavily used – there will still be debugging activity and training needed. During general use: System is working as it should and is being used effectively. Start of decay: Inefficiencies are found that affect organisational productivity What causes decay? These are a few examples: New technology becomes available that would help increase productivity by improving efficiency. Capacity needs increase because sales have improved and productivity output does not match demand. The activities of competitors demand that the organisation improves its ability to respond. More users working on the system can slow it down, thereby making the system less productive overall. Legal requirements At times an organisation has no other option but to respond to changes in the law. Responding to and implementing required changes in health and safety legislation is essential if an organisation is going to continue to operate within the law. The one advantage of changes in legal requirements is that they are usually anticipated. It would not be fair if changes needed to be made immediately that would disadvantage one company over another. When new laws, or changes in existing laws, occur, companies usually have a grace period of time to prepare prior to the law coming into force.

Harvard MBA admission essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harvard MBA admission essays - Essay Example Although I was successful in setting standards on paper; however, creation of a practical roadmap was something that made me contemplate further. Since Saudi Arabia has neither unions nor work councils, I seized at the opportunity to mold the new ‘Organization Excellence’ department into a platform as an internal employee work council, as well as an intermediary between the company and employees. After conducting employee interviews, reading extensive P&G archives on performance management, and seeking out thought leadership resources, I designed a completely new system for mobilizing and motivating human assets. Not only did strategy of unifying workers and developing a more-positive working environment pay off; however, also my approach to ‘Organization Excellence’ touched off productivity gains throughout the P&G facility. During a short period of two years, I facilitated the department in its expansion, and it set indexed performance and rising job satisfaction standards throughout the organization. P&G sites across Saudi Arabia, the Middle East and beyond are now replicating my model, and subseq uently, the companys reputation, in terms of its human resources management, has also strengthened dramatically, and winning Saudi Arabia’s Employer of the Year Award is just an example of the accomplishment. After completion of the top-to-bottom redesigning of ‘Rewards and Recognition incentive system’, it was an understanding that the system was transforming into a global benchmark for P&G sites worldwide. For this reason, my inspiration stemmed from identifying performance gaps, and at that time, during the training of 350 employees on P&G success drivers and another batch on ‘High Performance Organizations Overviews’, I felt strongly that everyone should be able to take ownership initiative and feel valuation of their contribution. Simultaneously, I sought to transform trainings from a passive information transfer to an interactive experience

Policy change memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy change memo - Assignment Example e training division, I am proposing that the current policy of training customer service representatives for only one week after recruitment and placement be increased to two week to incorporate the need to discuss topics such as addressing complaints and techniques for conflict resolution. The one week training only discussed orienting new personnel on the policies and procedures of the organization, including codes of discipline and an overview of the customer service function. The need to extend the training for another week is crucial to assist them in communicating effectively to the customers in areas were conflicts and complaints need to be resolved. May I hereby forward this request for change of policy to be endorsed by you for proper approval by our CEO, Mr. John Smith. The approval of this change in training policy would be instrumental in improving productivity, performance and the corporate image of our organization. For your immediate evaluation and

Operations Management at Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Operations Management at Amazon - Essay Example The preceding discussion confirms the findings in the literature relating to the new and complex challenges facing e-commerce plays like Amazon, especially with regard to how its radically different strategy of optimizing operations efficiencies to execute a volume strategy in the online retail space needs new ways of managing operations. These new ways need to impute the opportunities provided by new technologies, but at the same time be mindful of the pitfalls of relying on old ways of thinking in order to solve problems that are unique to Amazon (Rao 2011; Karmakar and Apte 2007). One can see that aspects of process design, are intertwined with inventory management concerns. This is the case for inventory management considerations for digital content, for example, as those relate to the relative ease of handling virtual inventory on the one hand and the opposing difficulty and complexity of managing physical inventories. Here aspects of operations relate to optimizing warehouses a nd processes for managing inventories from the supplier to the warehouses, as well as those aspects of inventory management relating to the handling of physical goods at the fulfillment centers at Amazon (Rao 2014). A recommendation is to continue to use Amazon Prime as the benchmark for efficiency and success of the execution of the inventory management processes at Amazon, owing to the high bar it has set for orders fulfillment and the cost of fulfilling orders of physical goods (Graham 2013; Onetto 2014).

Stephen Kings Novels Recreated into Films Movie Review

Stephen Kings Novels Recreated into Films - Movie Review Example The story of Dr Louis Creed (Midkiff) and his efforts to revive his three-year-old son (Hughes), killed by one of the giant trucks that thunder past their new Maine home, is more like a sketchy outline than a finished work. No film about a scalpel-wielding three-year-old psycho zombie could be entirely devoid of shocks. But reams of tedious exposition, about a children's pet 'sematary' and the magical resurrecting properties of an Indian burial ground, stretch patience and credulity to their limits, while Lambert fails to exploit the potential of the novel's best set pieces. The stories told in flashback by Creed's wife (Crosby) and their elderly neighbour (Gwynne) also seem hopelessly contrived, arresting the book's page-turning plot without adding emotional or psychological depth. If Pet Sematary was just a movie, then it might seem somehow acceptable: its plot, sort of a modern day zombie flick, is fairly creepy, and its premise is sufficiently horrific. Pet Sematary is not, however, a stand-alone film. It is, after all, a translation of a novel, and a great novel, at that. Though plotwise, the film stays fairly true to Stephen King's novel, it remains flat and unconvincing throughout. Unfortunately, this is a fate that has befallen most of King's work. Stephen King's novels don't, as a rule, translate well onto the silver screen. In much the same way that Church, having come back from the dead, seems to be missing something vital, so do King's books when they transition to movies. Perhaps this is because so much of the action in Stephen King's novels, so much of what is horrifying in them, happens to the characters internally. It is their thoughts, their fears, their histories and hopes, that make King's novels so successful. Films often have difficulty con veying this, and this is especially true of the horror genre. Pet Sematary is no exception to this rule. The novel that Pet Sematary is based on is probably one of the best, most terrifying horror novels ever written, and that only makes the movie even more disappointing. In his novel, Stephen King reveals the horror layer by layer, peeling away the sense of normality and safety little by little, until all that is left is sheer terror. Dreamcatcher Starring: Morgan Freeman, Thomas Jane, Director: Lawrence Kasdan, Release Date: March 2003, Genres: Horror, Suspense. The movie opens with four troubled guys in their late twenties, Dr. Henry Devlin (Thomas Jane), Joe 'Beaver' Clarendon (Jason Lee), Gary 'Jonesy' Jones (Damian Lewis) and Pete Moore (Timothy Olyphant), dealing with their gift. These lifelong buddies were given the ability to read minds and more by a mentally challenged guy named Douglas 'Duddits' Cavell (Donnie Wahlberg) when they were young. Now they use their magic to do such mundane things as finding the lost car keys of a real estate agent that one of them wants to date. But their talents will soon be put to the test. Meanwhile back in the snow-covered woods where the guys are going for their annual outing, trouble is brewing. The mad Colonel Abraham Kurtz (Morgan Freeman), ably assisted by

Case study of China Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of China - Case Study Example The export led growth strategy in China began back in 1978 with the power acceded by Xiaoping Deng. During this period, China was an unsuccessful state of communist, a poor nation due to the sufferings in the era of Zedong Mao’s Cultural Revolution for ten years. With the inefficient collective agriculture, closed economy, and enterprises owned by the state losing money, the population of China that was fewer than 1 billion shown a per capita income of $353. The entire nation was in poverty. However, with the death of Mao Zedong, a series of Deng Xiaopong’s reforms that were aimed at promoting the growth of the economy of China took over and retained the power of politics in Beijing. This reformed the country. China failed to obtain membership of the World Trade Organization under the leadership of Xiaoping Deng. The nation needed the status of the most favored country from America in the 1990s. China, during the whole of this period, began privatization of TVEs and SOEs in large scale and considerably lowered its tariffs. The process of annual review apart from exposing issues of human rights became a source of Chinese government humiliation, with hard lined China officials remaining a problem just like the negotiators of the United States. The Chinese officials had anticipated that the membership with the World Trade Organization would possibly undo apparatus of institutional socialism. China gained membership of the World Trade Organization eventually in December 2001 despite all the mentioned concerns. The China reforms were however achieved through the membership of World Trade Organization that facilitated the setting of China tariffs and allowed estimation of the cost of production of goods in China based on the cost of inputs. The country also had facilitated specific reforms that promoted the trade in the

Describe Plato's philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge, Essay

Describe Plato's philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge, and explain what conclusions Plato drew for the methodolog - Essay Example Of importance to note is that, universals are made up of a system where particular laws are made under an ultimate law. Moreover, the virtues involved emanate from a general principle, over and above, the mathematical theorems of one fundamental truth. It is worth noting that the basic categories in, which universal are brought together revolves around beauty, truth, goodness (Cooper 2). Apparently, goodness is the greatness of the three. Understanding the nature of knowledge must entails the idea types which it belongs to, the eternal laws where it could be said to be a passing instance, as well as, the context in which it possibly fits in. For instance, the study of the earth entails perceiving its place with regards to the solar system, with the inclusion of it being a stage in the heavenly bodies, over and above, clarifying that its motion takes place in accordance to the gravity law (Cooper 3). Plato has his argument placed in the fact that knowledge cannot be achieved by use of experience but by reasoning, use of sense where they are meant to push the reasoning towards the consciousness of what it already has although at the extreme opposite, it could mislead the conscious. Apparently, experience has never been used to produce knowledge because the principles used in knowledge are universal and are very crucial in this doctrine as compared to experience that displays specific and casual ideas. In essence, experience must be preceded by something already in mind that could be used to interpret the necessary impressions of concerned human beings. Theory of Knowledge through Astronomy Consequently, Plato emphasis that human knowledge is inborn especially when he depicts an instance of a slave boy who was not educated and upon being asked question by some philosophers, he was able to think critically and hence attempted and displayed arithmetic and geometry knowledge. Through this instance, Plato argues that teaching only evokes what is already underlying. Si mply, a theory of knowledge is used to provide a clear conception of education (Meynell 13). In light of this, Plato uses dialectical reasoning particularly in astronomy where he is said to have attempted to use the elimination method giving the general analysis of astronomy. In fact, he emphasis on studying astronomy through mean of problems, over and above, eliminating the motion that is related to the stars in the sky. In the early days, Plato demonstrated a persuasive mode when he argues through writing on the use of embroidery in the sky as a model in studying other things that are associated to the nature of knowledge (Meynell 16). In reference to Timaeus, Plato is demonstrated in the modern world as a philosopher who expounded critically on the nature of knowledge. Apparently, he is quite impressed by the universal’s order and beauty especially through his mandate of explaining the universe in terms of purpose, and benefits (Meynell 19). Views of Aristotle about the na ture of change represent a departure from Plato It is apparent that there are distinct concepts of change evidenced by the transition of Plato philosophical concepts to Aristotle concepts. Nevertheless, this is arguably as a result of the ignorance of Aristotle complete system. Basically, Aristotle’

Are there Cultural differences in Chinese and American Negotiations Essay

Are there Cultural differences in Chinese and American Negotiations - Essay Example These cultural differences make negotiations between nations extremely complex. Negotiations between two nations with different cultural views need a specific agreement which suits both parties. For instance, negotiations between America and Chinese may prove to be difficult since the two countries have completely different cultural views. These cultural differences include the take on freedom of expression, collectivism and individualism, social structure, moral and values and business relations. Since the two nations are among the trade super powers in the world, they must find a way to carry out these negotiations. This paper will highlight the cultural differences between the two nations and ways in which they incorporate their differences to carry out successful negotiations. The paper will also give a clear perspective on whether the negotiations are made out of will or out of circumstances. In an attempt to get a clear perspective of the entire theme, the following questions w ill be highlighted; how can Chinese corporate people respond or behave in a different way from American corporate people in international trade negotiations? Are the experiences and outcomes of tension in negotiations similar for Chinese and American business personalities? Do Chinese and American representatives feel diverse levels of anxiety in international business discussions? Do Chinese and American representatives respond to anxiety differently? Firstly, the American negotiating culture is guided by the lawyers. Americans believe negotiation to be an activity in international relations while Asians believe it to be a provision of the paternalistic company heads to create lasting relations. All American negotiators are bound with contracts or legal solutions, whereas customary Asian negotiators believe that relationships are the solution to a business and that contract are just written records of accord between people. Americans put these papers into perspective more than find ing lasting relationships with individuals. With this difference the two nations may find it difficult to be bound by a legal document (Pervez, 2003).The Chinese also believe and want a relationship without the consent of legal documents while America on the other hand, insists on the legal approach of negotiations. The American negotiation culture is the only culture that believes that liability can be allocated in advance through a written agreement. This is one of the numerous features of international negotiation that has grown to be normal, but it still hits traditional Asian negotiators as foolish- that Americans believe contracts binding even as the sales environment changes. Generally, Asian negotiators and Chinese to be specific believe that as the external position change, so must a corporate relationship. Scores of Chinese partners have been puzzled and disappointed when their American counterparts begin waving a piece of paper in their face instead of taking action fairl y and wisely to new market realism. This difference hinders many Chinese developers to negotiate with the Americans. The Chinese at most times feel that they are been treated unfairly and that their relationship is not trusted. On another angle, the Americans believe in the completion of negotiations while the Chinese consider negotiations as an eternal pact to business dealings. Chinese believe that once one has

Critically review the case law concerning the ascertainment of Essay

Critically review the case law concerning the ascertainment of employee status and consider whether the current tests are fit fo - Essay Example Moreover, employees usually are taxed within a diverse tax regime; under the PAYE, while the self-employed usually pay their taxes at the end of each tax year. This is due to the fact that self employed work generally falls under a contract for services while the employed work under a contract of services1. Nonetheless, there is a certain amount of ambiguity linked to the legal formula by which workers are categorized. In this view, the effectiveness of the law may be questioned. Furthermore, some perceive that the current classifications have grown to become too rigid to deal efficiently with the advancement of non-standard employment forums. Such queries have proved to be the subject of many policy-oriented and legal analyses for the last two decades. Many studies have looked into employers’ reasons as to why the employed flexible forms of work. This paper offers a critical review of the given law as it relates to the means by which employee status and a consideration as to whether the current tests are suitable for purpose. The ‘worker’ concept One way for augmenting the number of people covered by employment law includes the use of the wider definition of worker and not employee as the basis for determining protective legislation2. This would include even people who do not have employment contracts but still contract to offer their own individual services to their employers. To some extent, they are economically dependent on the business of their employer. In some way, this broader definition is useful for fair treatment legislation and that which touches on the payment of wages. Recently, the legislation was approved by the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 as well as under regulations that implement the Working Time Directive3. Nonetheless, most of its aspects with regards to its use have remained unclear. There appears to be extremely few decisions about the distinction between a self employed worker and an employee. For this reason, it is hard to comprehend how many people would be affected by extending employment protection rights to those under the definition ‘workers’ and not ‘employees’. Employment status The hardship linked with defining workers, employees, and the self-employed, as well as the issues of giving status to individuals in non-standard work, have added several practical implications to the execution of the law in practice. Ambiguities that surround the distinction between the self-employed and employees should mean that there are many of those who enjoy employment rights without their knowledge. On the other hand, those who may thing they fall under employee category, and therefore enjoy employment rights, may turn out otherwise on close legal scrutiny. This uncertainty may mean that some employers may leave out their obligations4. The Law Governing the Classification of Employment Relationships The decisive factor by which legal classification are decided on are not put down in legislation, however, they have been hugely developed through what is known as Case Law. In particular, four tests are relied on: ‘Integration’, ‘Control’, ‘mutuality of obligation’, and ‘business reality’. Behind such states are a known determinant that includes the means of payment, the stability and the overall length of the employment relationship, as well as the degree of coverage of

Women And Their Adversities Essay Example for Free

Women And Their Adversities Essay Woman, half of the population is made up of us. Woman is the mother of life. If we are not here, there will be no father, no sons, no husbands, and no human beings. Adversity is a very difficult situation or problem that you face in lifetime. Every day women around the world face their adversities because of their sex, their colour, their religion, and what they wear. Good morning, everyone! I am Alice Walker. I am a black woman. From my experiences I have to say being a woman in a patriarchal society is not easy, and being a black woman is even harder. I lost one of my eyes when I was eight. It was the one of the major adversities in my life. And I overcame it by working to my full potential in school. Education plays a big part in my life. I overcame many adversities by education. The education I am talking about is not just going to school and learn the thing in the textbook. It can also mean watching TV, read book, and learning new things and skills. I believe that the quickest way to learn new things is through the media. One of my favourite movies is called Paradise Road. It based on a true World War II story. It tells a group of women with different background who were held captive in Singapore by the Japanese in 1942. With the support from one another and their incredible courage they survived the inhumane conditions in the concentration camp. They formed a music band with their voice, which expressed their unbreakable spirit of survival. The strong bonding developed among them and their courage touches me and inspires my writings. I also like to read novels and poems. In the poem Legend by famous Australian poet Judith Wright, the adventure of a blacksmiths boy was described. It shows the aspects of the human journey of transformation and growth through adversities. I always believe that the Blacksmiths boy in the poem symbolise all of us, especially those willing to climb mountains on their both physical and psychological journey of life. It gives me strength and courage when I am in face of my adversity, if a young boy can do it, so can I. Once I read a novel called The Cage of Butterfly by Brian Castle. Some people said it is a novel for children. But I think it suits everyone in todays society, just like the poem Legend does. It talks about how a group of young people helped other five children to escape from the lab in which they were used as lad rats. It explores the power of love, unity and friendship among these young people. It shows me that no matter how weak you are, with true love and true friendship everything is possible in life. Ive gained knowledge and inspiration from others work, and used them as sources for my own writings. My novel The Colour Purple tells the life story of a black woman Celie. From the beginning of her life, because of her gender and her colour, she experienced environmental adversities in patriarchal society, such as the discrimination from the white people and also from her people who had lighter skin. She also experienced physical adversity caused by her stepfather who raped her and sold her two children. Because of the lack of education and poverty, which were the other two adversities faced by her, she developed a low self-esteem and a negative feeling towards men and it soon became the psychological adversity for her. After she married Mr.__, her life was miserable filled with slavery and abuse from her husband. But thankfully she met a series of other black women who became her salvation: Nettie, her beloved sister; Shug, a woman with free spirit; Sofia, the strong-willed daughter in law whose strength and courage inspire her; and Squeak, who goes through awakenings of her own. In the process of escape from the cage of abuse and discrimination, the strong relationship between these women gave her inspiration and both emotional and physical support. Celie finally found the new meaning of life. My experiences of racism and sexism and the things I saw and heard about sex abuse, low education and poverty has influenced my writing deeply. The life of Celie was common in her time, and we know, it is still happening in the society today. May be less, but there are cases like this. Probably those women are sitting with us in this room now. They need our support and love. If we dont help them, no one can. Remember we are all women, black  women. We are meant to be free and live happily in the sun. We are not nothing; we are everything that we want be.

On Prejudice Essay Example for Free

On Prejudice Essay The word bigot is a powerful word. It is a word that many feel to be of the utmost offense, and yet, by definition, it is a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices. With this in mind, and human natures impeccable ability to draw stereotypes for every type of person, cant we all be considered bigots? In Bill Cosbys short satire, On Prejudice, this issue is concisely addressed and brought to its knees through his use of sarcasm, and an ability to corner any stereotype by just simply bringing it to a clear, succinct truth. While many balked at the idea of racial prejudice and stereotypes during the 1970s, Cosby approached it with honesty and candor. His use of vulgar words, diffident body language, belittling tone, and biting disparagement allowed Cosby to effectively show societys lack of understanding and appreciation for the worlds racial diversity. In a time when prejudice was beginning to cower in the shadows as a product of the civil rights movement, Cosby recognized that while law had forbid discrimination, it still very much existed in our culture and society. On Prejudice was his way of addressing this delicate issue. The 1970s followed a decade of success among the civil rights movement; however, this success caused many to withdraw from still recognizing it as a problem. While discrimination was pronounced unlawful, Cosby addressed a different kind of prejudice; A prejudice that was subconscious and mendacious. On Prejudice opens with a wide shot of Cosby sitting on a stool beneath a single spotlight. The music is a single violin, playing a single chord. Cosby is smoking a cigar and slouched over the stool. The use of lighting and music is very effective in that it truly adds to the solitude of Cosbys ridicule. It is a keen way that he uses to single out prejudice, and it is very effective in that it gives a sense that bigotry is a lonely place to be. His body language and subtle movements give the audience a sense of distance and that the person they are watching is very closed off. Cosby then begins to speak. At first notice he employs a feeling of simple impersonation and innocent humor. However, after listening, one begins to realize that his impersonation goes much deeper. Secondary thoughts begin to surface and innocent humor turns into harsh ridicule and mockery. He speaks on old people, children, Jews, Irish, African Americans (which he refers to as niggers), and Italians. Each group is addressed as the scum of the earth. He takes stereotypes and prejudices and gives them a voice. His phrases and word usage have a bold honesty to them. He consistently speaks of making groups just go away. But he abstains from his harsh comments by repeating that they would not have to leave by blood shed. This effectively adds to the arrogance of his character and truly reveals the power of satire. Another action he consistently refers to is spitting on certain groups. He sets up why he dislikes each group. Then, whether it is the drunken Irish, Italian criminals, or slow old people, he then follows with stating that if he were to see these groups he would just spit on them. This is reintroduced over and over again to remind the audience that they are dealing with an obnoxious person. This technique also reinforces the arrogance of his character in that it shows that he lacks the will to come up with intelligent solutions or justification for his actions. With these in mind, Cosbys most effective technique is his ability to grab the audiences attention through satirical disdain. Cosby makes it incredibly easy to fall into a trap where one can be lured into relating to his judgments and stereotypes. He makes his audience laugh and connect with his opinions. But just when the audience begins to feel comfortable, Cosby reveals that he is a bigot. This sense of comfort and correlation quickly turns to scorn. He reveals how shameful it is to stereotype. All while staying in character and reinforcing the arrogance of society. He makes his audience feel as if they were no better than the man whose solution is to just get rid of ? em. He makes his audience feel that they are no better than a man whos so hateful that he would spit on other people. It is an ultimate sense of embarrassment. Putting these techniques to use gives one a sense of truth and yet shame at the same time. By addressing the most common forms of stereotypes and racial discrimination, He allows his audience to stop and not only reflect on how wrong it is to racially profile, but to also allow his audience to consider the judgments they themselves may have passed on certain groups prior. Cosbys impersonation ultimately embodies that of social unjust as a whole. Because of his honest and impudent characterization, he allows for no gray areas of discussion. His parody of a bigot properly makes each and every person feel like a bigot.

Landmark Discoveries in Healthcare: An Overview

Landmark Discoveries in Healthcare: An Overview Cynthia Lane Newborn cured of HIV: A woman from Mississippi gave birth to a child that contacted HIV from its mother. The woman was not aware she had HIV and doctors did not take precautions to test her for it. Just after the infant was born it showed signs of being infected with the virus. At the University of Mississippi Medical Center, a Dr. Hannah Gay and her staff decided to take a big chance by giving the infant a three anti-HIV combination drug cocktail. To their surprise the infant has been HIV free for two years after birth. The infant does not show any signs of the infection in its body even though the child is not on any medications after the fact (Subramanian, Oct. 2013). New Changes on Cholesterol Treatments more People on Statins: The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, feels if people were to take statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs this would prevent the first heart attack or stroke events. The outcome would benefit if the patient does not have heart problem history, with factors on gender, sex, age, smoking history, blood pressure cholesterol levels or is a diabetic (LaRosa, 2001). A Home Pregnancy Test for the first time that Tells How Pregnant You Are Approved by Food and Drug Administration, the Clearblue Advanced Pregnancy Test can tell you in estimate weeks how far you are in your pregnancy (Gallagher, May, 2013; Shoukhrat, 2001-2014). Embryonic stem cells: Advance in medical human cloning A professor Shoukhrat Mitalipov at the Oregon Health Science University, who cloned Dolly the sheep back in 1996. Professor Mitalipov used the same process but this time he used human skin cells he were hollowed out, he successfully stimulated the egg to electrically and chemically the egg divided and produced an embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cells would be used to create body tissues and organs that may be used to treat Alzehimer’s, diabetes and heart disease (Gallagher, May, 2013; Shoukhrat, 2001-2014). One Dose instead of Three Doses of Vaccine May be Plenty to Protect Against HPV The HPV-human papillomavirus vaccine is given to girls and boys between 11 and 12 years old to protect them against genital warts and cervical cancer. At first the children would have to have three shots (immunizations) of the vaccine to be effective; half of the children are not returning to their physician or clinic to complete the series. A group of international researchers confirmed that one dose of the vaccine can generate an increase of 24 times of antibodies in the body which would be enough to protect them from HPV and the risk of cancer would be lower (Sifferlin, Nov. 2014). New Hair Growth Research Columbia University, researchers says transplanting hair follicles upside down can produce new hair growth. Patches of foreskin from circumcised babies are used because they do not have hair follicles. The foreskin is inverted and takes root to produce hair (CU Researchers, 2013). Poop Pill Dr. Thomas Louie of the University of Calgary, created a gel capsule that is made of bacteria found in poop. Our bodies have microbes in our gut that help digest our food and fight other disease-causing microbes. The gel capsule is best used to cure Clostridium difficile infection, which is called for short C diff, this is a very contagious intestinal infection which causes diarrhea and deadly inflammation of the colon. Less than 30 patients were tested with this gel capsule and have not experienced any recurrent symptoms of the C diff infection (Marchione, Oct. 2013). Changing Poor Quality Eggs to Healthy Eggs Stanford University researches elaborated a technique for women with poor quality eggs to make healthy, mature eggs from their own eggs. The researchers would remove a piece of ovarian tissue or an ovary and treat it with proteins and other factors in the lab. The tissue would be recharged then re-implanted close to the fallopian tubes. Five out of 27 women produced healthy eggs, one gave birth to a healthy baby, and one woman became pregnant (Sifferlin, Sept. 2013). New Genes Linked to Alzeheimer’s There are 24 genes now known associated with Alzheimer’s, the discovery involves inflammation and the body’s immune responses. They are associated with the brain changes of Alzheimer’s researchers will target drugs that would potentially treat memory loss symptoms and dementia which is a mark of brain disorder (Paddock, Oct. 2013). Parkinson’s Disease Detected Early Scientists feel by detecting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s as early as possible this would identify their disease and be able to intercept with treatments. Panel of proteins of spinal fluid can help scientists identify the first stage of the disease. By controlling the symptoms in their early stage of the Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, experts hope to launch new studies to make drugs that failed obsolete (SpiritIndia, 2006). References Gallagher, James; Health and science reporter, BBC News (15 May 2013) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22540374 Mitalipov, Shoukhrat (2001-2014 Oregon Health Science University) Oregon National Primate Research Center Oregon Stem Cell Center Departments of Obstetrics Gynecology and Molecular Medical Genetics Oregon Health Science University http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/stem-cell-center/mitalipov-lab/ LaRosa, MD, John C; From the State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York (Circulation. (2001);104:1688-1692doi: 10.1161/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹hc3901.096665). Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease: Who Benefits? Circulation is published by the American Heart Association http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/14/1688 Marchione, Marilynn —Oct. 3, 2013; PILLS MADE FROM POOP CURE SERIOUS GUT INFECTIONS AP News: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/pills-made-poop-cure-serious-gut-infections Laird Harrison (October03,2013) Fecal Transplant Pills Effective for C difficile.Medscape.Oct03,2013. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812079 One Dose of HPV Vaccine May Protect Against Cervical Cancer | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/11/04/less-is-more-one-instead-of-three-doses-of-hpv-vaccine-may-protect-against-cervical-cancer/#ixzz2r9isNIYr Paddock PhD, Catherine; Monday 28 October 2013- Scientists discover 11 new Alzheimers risk genes; http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/267998.php Researchers transplant human hair onto mice using infant foreskins PUBLISHED: TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2013, 5:28 AM UPDATED: TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2013, 10:29 AM http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/researchers-transplant-human-hair-mice-article-1.1492475#ixzz2r9kVxUHl Sifferlin, Alexandra(Nov. 04, 2013) http://healthland.time.com/2013/11/04/less-is-more-one-instead-of-three-doses-of-hpv-vaccine-may-protect-against-cervical-cancer/ Sifferlin, Alexandra (Sept. 30, 2013- New Hope for Infertile Women: Healthy Eggs http://healthland.time.com/2013/09/30/new-hope-for-infertile-women-healthy-eggs/ New Procedure to Induce Egg Growth Gives Fresh Hope to Infertile Women | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/09/30/new-hope-for-infertile-women-healthy-eggs/#ixzz2r9o9nOPw Subramanian, Courtney; Oct. 23, 2013; Newborn ‘Functionally Cured’ of HIV Remains in Remission. The revelation comes 18 months after all treatment ceased Newborn ‘Functionally Cured’ of HIV Remains in Remission | TIME.comhttp://healthland.time.com/2013/10/23/newborn-functionally-cured-of-hiv-remains-in-remission/#ixzz2r9RG4A7W

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay -- Pregnancy Health Essays

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Many studies have established that a developing organism is susceptible to exogenous and endogenous factors during certain stage of the organism’s development. The effects of ethyl alcohol or ethanol on the developing fetus, which manifest a variety of characteristic abnormalities, are collectively called Fetal alcohol Syndrome. Ethanol exposure to the fetus causes various malformation ranging from the cellular to the organismic levels with the eventual results frequently being different levels of mental retardation (3). Chick embryo studies provide a relatively good model for defining the effects of ethanol at many organizational levels of neurogenesis, cell death, neuronal migration and differentiation, cell to cell connectivity, and synaptic function When ethanol is administered to embryos on days one to three of development, the cholinergic neuronal phenotypes were markedly decreased possibly in the sparing of catecholaminergic phenotypes which were increased. This differential sensitivity of these two early neuroblast populations to ethanol may also reflect the difference in their ontogenesis: cholinergic elements are reported to be expressed as early as the primitive streak, whereas catecholaminergic elements appear later (3). Embryos on embryonic day one are most susceptible to the effects of ethanol. Embryonic day one in the chick is marked by an active process of neurogenesis and neuro-organization. The neural tube elements are made during this early embryonic period. Brodie and Vernadakis inspected the effect of ethanol on cholinergic spinal cord neurons during this embryonic period. The neuroblast during this period shows plasticity with respect to neurotransmitter phenotypes, when ex... ...s in these target organs at critical developmental periods would result in defects of these organs (5). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Abel, E. and Sokol, R. A Revised Conservative Estimate of the Incidence of FAS and Its Economic Impact. Alcoholism, 0145-6008:514-524 (1991). Bonthius, D. and West, J. Permanent Neuronal Deficits in Rats Exposed to Alcohol During the Brain Growth Spurt. Teratology, 44:147-163 (1991). Brodie, C. and Vernadakis, R. Critical Periods to Ethanol Exposure During Early Neuroembryogenesis in the Chick Embryo: Cholinergic Neurons. Developmental Brain Research, 56:223-228 (1990). Burd, L. and Martsolf, J. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis and Syndromal Variability. Physiology and Behavior, 46:39-43 (1989). Keir, W. Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Synthesis and its Implications in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Alcoholism. 15/3:560-564 (1991).

Signs of Racism by Rajiv Kapur :: Race Racism

Signs of Racism by Rajiv Kapur Signs of Racism offers a glimpse into what racism means today. Historically, racism was more prevalent, more obvious, but actually less disparaging to the victim than it is today. You see, SoR underlines the fundamental reasoning that quiet, subtle jabs with racist remarks are more pestilent. The subjugated can overcome overt oppression because none 'can respect his oppressor.' Kapur offers us a number of examples of what the signs of (subtle) racism are; many of which may not be obvious to readers. SoR provides proof that the antagonistic sentiments of racists are due in part to not one, but several factors - each offering a very convincing argument. Kapur provides signs that at first may appear benign, are actually deeply motivating factors of malevolence to people of other races. SoR makes it quite clear to all, that racists do not feel compassion for members of the race which they are displaying their 'subtle' partiality. Racism is shown to stem from an individual who needs to maintain (albeit, an imaginary) position of supremacy. A racist will use all means possible to subjugate the victimized race. A racist feels no remorse or sympathy for the impact his racist actions have on the victimized. The overall aura of all the signs projects a racist of hatred and heartless sensibilities. SoR is not an impartial piece of literature. Kapur provides us with the views of a person afflicted by subtle racism. Consequently, we see the views of the victim and not the racist expressed. This position is espoused by the majority of the world, and so is readily accepted. (That might be an interesting concept for a book, though - Hatred of the Bigot.) This partiality does not impair his writing, however. On the contrary, the lifetime reality Kapur was familiar with (covert racism) supports his subjective reasoning. The description (or rather, oblique explanation) of a racist was also emphasized in SoR - a racist is a racist regardless of 'religion, intelligence, cultural level, social status, benevolence towards members of their own race or social motivation.' The stereotype of a racist is abolished. Kapur argues that racists come from all races and

Search for the American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

Search for the American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman What is the American Dream? Some believe in the nineteen fifties ideal created through television. Successful children, perfect families, and a happy stay-at-home mother are all associated with this version. Yet, everyone knows that the children are not always successful, there are family fights, and not every mother can be at home and happy. Many families have lifelong searches for the ideal American Dreams and never find one. These types of families are seen as failures. One family in this type of search is represented in Death of a Salesman through Willy, Linda, and their sons. Willy Loman is the first character to represent the search of the American Dream. First, Willy has a strong belief of the American Dream because of his brother Ben. "Why boys, when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out. And by God I was rich." This quote by Ben is the bases of Willy’s beliefs for his family and himself. By this understanding, Willy thinks he will never need to search for anything; it would come to him. Next, Willy instills this same belief within his sons. "Listen to this. This is your Uncle Ben, a great man! Tell my boys, Ben!" When Willy states this to Ben he wants his boys to have the same thought on life as himself. Though, like their father, the two sons are led to the idea that greatness will come to them. Finally, Willy does not ever understand his search until the end of the play. "What-what’s the secret?" Willy asks Bernard this question which shows he is still searching for the key to the American Dre am. At the end of the play, Willy believes that the only answer to the success of his family is through his death. Linda Loman is the next character to represent her search for the American Dream. At first, Linda’s search is for good family relationships. After the big plans are made for the sporting goods shop, Linda’s spirits seem very high. Everyone in her family is getting along, therefore she is happy. These little perks of happiness are enough to keep her dream alive. Then, Linda has a more true view on her family’s search. Comments like, "Your such a boy," and, "One a philandering bum," are insights on what Linda sees within her sons.

Psychology Hl Internal Assessment

| Psychology Internal Assessment| An experiment on instruction of free recall and serial recall on memory. | Psychology Higher Level| Name: Vanessa BarthovaCandidate Number: 001457-004School: QSI International School of BratislavaDate of Submission: February 25th, 2013Word Count: 1,997| | | The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether recall of words can be influenced by instructed form of free recall versus serial recall. Since recall for any given item depends upon the position of that item in the series, it was investigated if the type of recall has influence on the primacy and recency effects.The hypothesis predicted that participants in the free recall condition will show a  classic position curve with the recency effect taking place almost equally to the primacy effect, then when compared to participants in the serial anticipation condition where the primacy effect will be dominant. This was based on previous research by Deese (1957), which demonstrated that it is po ssible to alter the form of the serial position curve by instructions as to the method of recall. The DV was number of words recalled and the IV was the fact whether free recall or serial-order recall was instructed.The repeated measures design was chosen. An opportunity sample of 36 participants (N=36) participated. 3 lists of 20 common English words were read out to participants in the control group, all of the lists were instructed for free recall before and after reading of the list. 3 lists of 20 common English words were read out to participants in the experimental group. In the first list free recall was called on for both before the reading of the list and after. In the second list, free recall was called on before the reading, and serial recall was instructed after the hearing of the list.In the third list, serial recall was called on for both before the reading of the list and after The T-test showed the results of the list were significant at a 5% level of significance, s o the research hypothesis that type of instruction affects recall was accepted. Word count: 304 Introduction Cognitive psychology deals with mental processes such as memory. Memory has been studied by psychologists since Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed theory of the multistore model of memory (MSM), which breaks-up memory into different categories.Information is received by sensory stores, and some is passed to short-term memory stores (STS), which can then be passed to long-term memory stores (LTS). Attention is the control process responsible for transfer of information from sensory store to STS. This is supported by many studies that involve serial position effect, showing that when participants are presented with lists of words, they remember first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in middle.A study, conducted by Murdock (1962) investigates the relationship between serial position effect, position of words on given list, and participant‘s ability to freely recall them. Murdock suggested that early words were put into  long-term memory (primacy effect) because subject had time to rehearse words, and words from the end went into  short term memory  (recency effect). Words in middle had been there too long to be held in STS, due to displacement, and not long enough to be put into LTS, hence they’re forgotten. Glanzer and Cunits (1966) conducted an  experiment introducing the variable of immediate versus delayed recall.They studied separate output of STS, since they introduced a  variable, delayed start of recall, which had a  different effect on long-term and short-term storage, and therefore changed the beginning and end of the serial position curve. Studies of the position curve and memory show that a  delay of thirty seconds (being the time hypothesized that short-term memory lasts for) did not affect the primacy effect which was clearly present, but drastically lowered the amount of words of the recency e ffect. Deese (1957) focuses on serial organization of words.The study showed probability of recall depended upon position of item in the series. It focused on a  new variable, free recall versus serial anticipation, where subject not only had to remember words, but also in correct order. Serial anticipation changes the serial position effect, since when serial anticipation is compared to free recall, it can be noted that the curves are roughly mirror images of one another. The researchers divided their subjects into two groups, those who would freely recall words, and those who would be instructed to recall words in the order they were presented.Findings show that although the total amount of words recalled was close to identical, there was a  change in the serial position curve. In this case, early items have the highest probability of recall (not last), last items second highest (not first), and middle items least. This is due to the fact that when having to remember the words in order, long term stores would be most accurate as those words were most repeated in order. The above findings are important since they gave cognitive researchers an insight into memory processes, and support the multi-store model theory.They show that we remember the beginning, because it is stored in long-term stores, and end, when the short-term storage is not interrupted, but least frequently middle words, as hypothesized by the serial position curve and the primacy and recency effects. This experiment is a  replication of Deese (1957). It uses the distinction of free recall and serial anticipation, to affect the serial position curve and focus on LTS primarily. Aim: investigate effect of the recall of words in free recall, and recall by serial anticipation, and the effect it has on LTS and STS in relation to the serial position curve.Experimental hypothesis (H1): Participants in free recall condition will show a  classic position curve with the recency effect taking plac e almost equally to the primacy effect, and then when compared to participants in the serial anticipation condition where the primacy effect will be dominant. (Free recall: words recalled in any order. Serial recall: words recalled in order they were presented. ) Null hypothesis (H0): There will be no significant difference between recall of words when compared in free recall and serial anticipation situations, or any difference will be due to chance. Method Design:Independent measures design was chosen to eliminate order effect, and to prevent boredom, tiredness, or improvement of skills with performance. Independent variable was used in the same sense, but with slight variation in the form of recall. If the same participants were used, they would know what to learn in the first part, and that would affect the second part of the experiment. One possible disadvantage of this design is that there may be participant variability. For example, participants may vary in memory ability, so the differences between groups may be due to this and not simply to the manipulation of the IV.To avoid participant variability, participants were given two practice lists to memorize, and the mean in these two lists was within two standard deviations, suggesting that the participants had similar memory capacity. Another disadvantage would be participant sabotaging the study, or becoming distracted. This was prevented by eliminating empty lists submitted by participants from results, hanging a sign so that people would not enter the testing classroom, and asking anyone distractive to leave. Ethical considerations were followed, as each participant was briefed before the experiment, and debriefed after it.It was clear that at any time participants had the right to withdraw from the experiment and their anonymity would be protected. Participants were not harmed physically or psychologically, and all signed informed consent form. Independent variable: Whether free recall or serial ord er recall was instructed. (Free recall: words recalled in any order. Serial recall: words recalled in order they were presented. ) Dependent variable: Amount of words recalled. (Frequency of words recalled. ) Participants: Opportunity sampling was used because this was the most convenient and saved time.The target population was IB students at QSI Bratislava with fluency in English. Participants were asked, and those who accepted met in the classroom. The participants were required to have specific English abilities because the experiment was conducted in English. In total, for the experiment we had 11 boys and 25 girls (N=36). Materials: * Consent forms * Standardized briefing and debriefing instructions * 8 lists of 20 different words * Answer sheets * Stopwatch Procedure: Before experiments began, 8 different lists of 20 words were randomly created from a list of 1,000 common English language words.First group of participants (N=18), brought to a quiet classroom, each seated at a desk. Standardized briefing was read out loud, and informed consent was given. Answer sheets were placed face-down on each desk. 1. Subjects were required to recall two practice lists, given with standardized instructions. They were instructed free recall. Each list was read by experimenter at the rate of one word per two seconds, without emphasis, and recall was required immediately after the reading. 2. Participants were divided into control and experimental groups randomly. One group was tested at a time. . Control group was given 3 lists with the same instructions as those for practice lists. After finishing the lists, groups switched locations. 4. Experimental group had the following sequence of instructions: * First list: instructions were same as for practice list. (Free recall is called on for both before reading of the list and after. ) * Second list: instructions before the list were for free recall, and instructions for recall in serial-order were instructed after hearin g. * Third list: instructions were to recall in serial-order were given before and after reading list. . All lists were collected, and both groups were read standardized debriefing together. Second group of participants (N=18) was tested, and same procedure was followed. Results Descriptive: The experiment collected interval ratio data. Therefore, mean and standard deviation were chosen as descriptive statistics. As this study has a focus on the amount of words recalled in different stages of the list, words were classified under four headings: â€Å"Beginning† (words 1-6), â€Å"Middle† (words 7-14), and â€Å"End† (words 15-20), along with â€Å"Total† as summary, for comparison and analysis.From Table 1. it can be deduced that when free recall was instructed and used, participants received similar results over-all ( average of 8. 25 and 8. 75 words), although the results were not dispersed close to the mean. With standard deviations (SD) being differin g and high (3. 31 and 5. 42), this suggests primacy and recency effect. From Table 2. it can be deduced that when participants were expecting to perform free recall, but were instructed serial recall, the performance over-all significantly dropped (averages of 7. 65 compared to 3. 95).Furthermore more words were remembered in the situation of serial recall in beginning, since they were stored in LTS, and therefore their position could be better recalled, suggesting the primacy effect (7. 17 compared to 3. 67). From measures on table 3. it can be deduced that primacy effect is dominant in serial recall, as the mean of words in beginning (9. 00), dropped down in the end words (4. 38). Table 1: Mean recall and Standard deviation of words in A1 and B1 lists (free recall in both). | Beginning words 6 possible words (1-6)| Middle words8 possible words (7-14)| End words6 possible words 15-20)| Total words20 possible words (1-20)| | A1| B1| A1| B1| A1| B1| A1| B1| Mean| 10. 00| 9. 33| 7. 50 | 5. 25| 7. 50| 11. 00| 8. 25| 8. 75| SD| 3. 58| 5. 89| 2. 78| 2. 12| 3. 56| 2. 45| 3. 31| 5. 42| N| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| Table 2: Mean recall and Standard deviation of words in A2 and B2 lists (free recall in A2 list, serial recall asked in B2 list after memorization process). | Beginning words 6 possible words (1-6)| Middle words8 possible words (7-14)| End words6 possible words (15-20| Total words20 possible words (1-20)| | A2| B2| A2| B2| A2| B2| A2| B2|Mean| 11. 50| 7. 17| 5. 00| 2. 25| 7. 33| 3. 67| 7. 65| 3. 95| SD| 1. 22| 2. 23| 2. 62| 1. 67| 3. 01| 4. 32| 3. 60| 3. 39| N| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| Table 3: Mean recall and Standard deviation of words in A3 and B3 lists (free recall in A3 list, serial recall in B3). | Beginning words6 possible words (1-6) | Middle words8 possible words (7-14)| End words6 possible words (15-20| Total words20 possible words (1-20)| | A3| B3| A3| B3| A3| B3| A3| B3| Mean| 9. 33| 9. 00| 7. 38| 1. 00| 10. 00| 4. 38| 9. 10| 4. 55| SD| 4. 08| 6. 26| 3. 16| 0. 93| 1. 90| 5. 15| 3. 18| 5. 0| N| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| 18| Inferential: T-test was chosen since the experiment tested difference between frequency of words remembered between various lists, and the way they were stored (by observing the primacy and recency effect), with the comparison of control lists to experimental. T-test was chosen because it is more powerful, and shows whether they have significant differences. Advantages are that it works well with two means—its good for ratio data, such as in this experiment. Disadvantage is that results are assumed to come from a  normally distributed population.This test is good to use when the population mean and standard deviation are unknown, and 2 separate groups are being compared, that is why it was chosen over other tests. Table 4. This table presents a comparison between the first and last 6 words of each experimental list, comparing the significance of primacy and recency effect on recall . List:| Primacy (average # of words recalled)| Recency (average # of words recalled)| Significance? | B1| 9. 33| 11. 00| The two-tailed P value = 0. 5003 This difference is considered to be not statistically significant| B2| 7. 17| 3. 67| The two-tailed P value = 0. 542 This difference is considered to be not quite statistically significant. | B3| 9. 00| 4. 38| The two-tailed P value = 0. 0805 This difference is considered to be not quite statistically significant. | Table 5. This table statistically states the p value of comparisons between different sections of control tests to experimental tests. Comparing lists| First words | Middle words| Last words| Over-all| A1 vs. B1| P value = 0. 8174 This difference is considered to be not statistically significant. | P value = 0. 0901This difference is considered to be not quite statistically significant. P value = 0. 0756This difference is considered to be not quite statistically significant| P value = 0. 7266This difference is consider ed to be not statistically significant. | A2 vs. B2| P value = 0. 0019 This difference is considered to be very statistically significant. | P value = 0. 0252 This difference is considered to be statistically significant. | P value = 0. 1189 This difference is considered to be not statistically significant. | P value = 0. 0021 This difference is considered to be very statistically significant. | A3 vs. B3| P value = 0. 9152This difference is considered to be not statistically significant. | P value is less than 0. 0001 This difference is considered to be extremely statistically significant. | P value = 0. 0439 This difference is considered to be statistically significant| P value = 0. 0024   This difference is considered to be very statistically significant. | Lists of A1 and B1 (both free recall), had P-value of . 7266, so the difference is not statistically significant. A2 and B2 lists (control both free-recall versus instructions before the list were for free recall, and after list instruction for serial-order), had P-value of . 021, so the difference is statistically significant. A3 and B3 lists (control free recall versus serial recall), had P-value of . 0023, meaning difference is statistically significant. The difference between free recall and serial recall list had a  value lower than the significance chosen of P= 0. 05, we rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the experimental hypothesis. Graph 1. This graph maps out all the 6 lists (3 control and 3 experimental), in order to visually represent the primacy and recency effects of each list. DiscussionThis experiment observed relationship between frequency of recall per item and order of emission in immediate recall. Previous research has shown that as sequence is introduced into material to be recalled by free recall, serial position curve changes from free recall of disconnected items to recall by serial anticipation. This suggests that its possible to alter the form of serial position curve by method of recall. For the experimental lists, Deese (1957) had averages of 3. 69 in second list, and 4. 33 in third, similar to this experiment, performance in first list was highest, as it was in free recall.Performance in second list was worst, as it was unexpected serial recall. In third list serial recall was expected, hence it was higher than second list, but lower than first, as free recall is more efficient than serial, confirmed by previous research. In this experiment when participants recalled lists using free recall, similar amount of words was recalled (8. 25 and 8. 75), implying the two groups are comparable. Second experimental list showed significantly decreased performance (7. 65 and 3. 95), the P-value being 0. 0021 with 5% significance.This could be due to unexpected instruction of serial recall. Third experimental list suggests loss in total number of items recalled with anticipated serial order, compared to free recall (9. 10 and 4. 55). However, primacy effec t is dominant to recency effect (9. 00 to 4. 48), with P-value 0. 0439, suggesting change of position curve from that characteristic of free recall to that of serial anticipation. It seems reasonable to conclude that form of serial position curve in free recall is dependent on order of emission of items in recall.If recall is completely unstructured (free recall), items are recalled in order of strength, and last items, on average, are recalled first, as suggested Murdock 1962. This experiment further supports that if serial recall is induced, items are recalled in order and the first items are most frequently recalled, supporting the experimental hypothesis. The results of this study support the findings of Deese 1957, confirming correlation between frequency of recall per item, list position and position in recall found in previous experiments.Results are consistent with findings of Deese as it can be noted that the primacy effect is dominant in the serial recall compared to the f ree-recall conditions. It also supports the multi-store memory model of Atkinson & Schiffrin because it can be seen that the memory is composed of long-term and short-term stores, due to a significant difference between the amount of words recalled from the beginning, middle, and end of the list. One limitation is that most participants were IB-diploma students so they were probably trained in remembering terms.Additionally, generalization could be a problem because of the participant’s age range of 16-19 years compared to the original experiment with the age range of 18-54 years. The similar average in free recall lists of both conditions (8. 25 and 8. 75) indicates that participants performed relatively similar. This may be because students were similar in age and were all IB students. An improvement in a future experiment is to use a larger age range such as Deese 1957. Also the fact that most participants were not native in English language could affect results.Furthermor e although independent measure was chosen, participants did not have same lists, which might have had an effect on the participants’ ability to memorize the words. It can be noted that means of the free-recall conditions are differed, which indicates that participants remembered some lists better than the others. A modification could be that the control and experimental group would get the same word lists in order to make the comparison more reliable. Although all participants were not tested at same time, all procedures were followed for both groups, so that they would have comparable results.Lastly, artificiality is a problem because of the experimental method. However, seeing as the experiment was conducted in a classroom, this can be considered a natural environment. Researchers are discussing to what extent results on memory like these can be relied on. One modification is to use words the sample is familiar with such as party, and cell-phone, instead of horse and person . Nonetheless, replications of the study by Deese (1957) have demonstrated the clear effect of using concrete words on recall, and thus we can rely on these results.In conclusion, the results attained in this experiment are consistent with cognitive theories about memory processes such as MSM, and the primacy and recency effects. Therefore this experiment concluded that words using free recall are better recalled than of serial recall. This is probably due to us having access to both long-term and short term memory. In serial order, one mainly knows the position of words stored in long-term memory. However, the researchers did not study whether people would perform better if they could not easily associate with the words, nor strategies used in memorization.This is a possible topic for further research. References Atkinson, R. C. ; Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New Yor k: Academic Press. pp. 89–195. Murdock B. The Serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1962, Vol. 64, No. 5, 482-488. Glanzer M. and Cunitz A. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of verbal learning And verbal behavior (Volume 5). 351- 360. 1966 Deese, J. Serial Organization in the recall of disconnected items. Psychological reports. 957, 3, 577-582. Southern Universities Press. Appendices Appendix 1. Informed consent: Informed Consent Form IB Psychology Experiments I give my consent to participate in the IB Psychology experiment about memory run by Vanessa Barthova and Katarina Hlavata on December 13, 2012. I have been informed about the nature of the experiment. I understand that my participation is voluntary. I may withdraw from the study at any time and request that my data not be used in the experimental results. I have the right to a debriefing about the general results of the study and I may obtain my individual results upon r equest.I give my consent knowing that all aspects of my participation will remain confidential and that I will not be subjected to any harm or deception. I understand that the experiment has potential benefits. The aim of all IB Psychology experiments is to improve cognitive processing skills in areas such as memory, perception, problem-solving, and attention. ____________________ _________________ Student Name Date Appendix 2. Standardized briefing: Welcome everyone! Thank you for allowing time to participate in this experiment on memory.The other researcher will distribute an informed consent form that we will ask you to sign your agreement. If at any time you should change your mind do know that you are entitled to withdraw from this experiment. Please listen carefully and do not talk to any of the other participants. Furthermore, do not look at any papers on the table until instructed to do so. You will then be read 2 practice lists of words, and 3 additional lists of words, tha t you are to memorize hen you will be asked to write down all the words you recall on the paper in front of you.Turn the paper over when instructed to. If you have any questions you are more than welcome to ask one of the researchers. Standardized debriefing: The aim of this experiment was to investigate if the type of recall had effect on the words recalled, as seen through their position in the list. Group A was the control group, which had free recall after all the lists, meaning that they just wrote down all the words remembered, in any order. Group B on the other hand, had instructed serial recall on two lists, meaning that they had to try to recall the words in the order that they were read.Previous research has shown that in free recall, you have the highest ability to memorize the first and last words of the list. The first words are repeated by you when you try to memorize them, so they are stored in your long term memory. The last words were just recently heard, so you hav e them stored in short term memory, for easy recall. When serial recall is instructed, mostly the words remembered correctly are the first words, because they were stored in long term stores, most likely in order, due to memorization through repetition.If you wish to know the full results of the experiment or have any further questions you are more than welcome to leave your e-mail. Thank you once again for your participation. Appendix 3. Lists of words: Practice 1: (aka #1) 1. bus 2. reply 3. love 4. person 5. eight 6. sentence 7. need 8. old 9. cat 10. sleep 11. brother 12. newspaper 13. snow 14. sharp 15. water 16. apple 17. box 18. grass 19. lady 20. king Practice 2: (aka #2) 1. Kitchen 2. Juice 3. Potato 4. Monkey 5. Moon 6. Window 7. Village 8. Children 9. Horse 10. Mouse 11. Friend 12. Read 13. Weather 14. Train 15. City 16. Eye 7. Bone 18. Picture 19. Wild 20. Joy Control 1: (aka A1) 1. Cook 2. Home 3. Heavy 4. Prison 5. Evening 6. Ocean 7. Star 8. Wash 9. Heart 10. Dance 11 . Alone 12. Knock 13. Never 14. Pink 15. Story 16. Today 17. Wheel 18. Leg 19. Sand 20. Color Control 2: (aka A2) 1. Even 2. Die 3. Cup 4. Hat 5. Milk 6. Orange 7. Piano 8. Needle 9. Job 10. Gun 11. Fish 12. Hall 13. Basket 14. Ask 15. Circle 16. Tree 17. News 18. Mud 19. Knee 20. Sport Control 3: (aka A3) 1. Toe 2. Work 3. Young 4. Gum 5. Shop 6. Pillow 7. Sky 8. Hotel 9. King 10. Listen 11. Heaven 12. Open 13. Nature 14. Cheese 15. Enemy 16.Computer 17. Brown 18. Forest 19. Air 20. Corn Experimental 1: (aka B1) 1. Jelly 2. Face 3. Good 4. Active 5. Clean 6. Heart 7. Iron 8. Shell 9. Rice 10. Pull 11. Nose 12. Map 13. Office 14. Ring 15. Uncle 16. Yard 17. Zoo 18. Room 19. Pink 20. Old Experimental 2: (aka B2) 1. Rich 2. Rent 3. City 4. Eye 5. Cat 6. Open 7. Now 8. Left 9. Ice 10. Head 11. Gold 12. Female 13. Dish 14. Bird 15. Clock 16. Ear 17. Duck 18. Hurt 19. Life 20. Leaf Experimental 3: (aka B3) 1. Music 2. Police 3. Shirt 4. Army 5. Copper 6. Hungry 7. Nature 8. Power 9. Red 10. Tooth 11. Glass 12. Bridge 13. Dream 14. Fox 5. Nose 16. Machine 17. Rock 18. Smile 19. Work 20. Brother Appendix 4. Answer sheets, cut into strips of separate lists. # 1 #2 A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. B 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Appendix 5. Scrip for experiment / Standardized Instructions: Instructions: # 1 * â€Å"Do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you a list of words. You are to listen very carefully and remember as many words as possible. (5 sec pass) * Read list * (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I have just read on the paper in front of you. You have a minute and a half. † # 2 * â€Å"Again, do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you another list of words. You are to listen to this list very carefully and remember as many words as possible. † (5 sec pass) * Read list * (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I have just read on the paper in front of you.You have a minute and a half. † DIVIDE GROUPS: â€Å"Now we are going to separate into two groups. A and B. I will draw the names of members in each group randomly from a hat. Group A: ________. Group B: _______. (Record names on board) GROUP B, please exit the room and wait in the UR room and do not go anywhere else. We will come get you in a few minutes. A 1 * â€Å"Do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you a list of words. You are to listen very carefully and remember as many words as possible. † (5 sec pass) * Read list (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I hav e just read on the paper in front of you. You have a minute and a half. † A 2 * â€Å"Again, do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you another list of words. You are to listen to this list very carefully and remember as many words as possible. † (5 sec pass) * Read list * (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I have just read on the paper in front of you. You have a minute and a half. A 3 * â€Å"Again, do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you another list of words. You are to listen to this list very carefully and remember as many words as possible. † (5 sec pass) * Read list * (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I have just read on the paper in front of you. You have a minute and a half. † THANK YOU GROUP A, THAT IS ALL. PLEASE EXIT THIS ROOM AND WAIT IN THE UR. WELCOME GROUP B, DO WE HAVE EVERYBODY? (check list on board) LET US BEGIN. B 1 â€Å"Do not write anything down, nor turn the paper placed on your desk around until you are told to do so. I am going to read to you a list of words. You are to listen very carefully and remember as many words as possible. † (5 sec pass) * Read list * (5 sec pass) â€Å"Now write down all the words that you can remember from the list I have just read on the paper in front of you. You have a minute and a half. † B 2 * â€Å"I am going to read you another list of words. Again, you are to listen to this list very carefully and remember as many words as possible. Do not write anything down nor turn your paper around until you are told to do so. (5 sec) * After the list was read * (5 sec) â€Å"This time I want you to try to remember the words exactly in the order in which I read them on the paper in front of you. You may turn it around. You have a minute and half. † B 3 * â€Å"I am going to read you another list of words. Listen very carefully and remember as many words as possible, in the order that they are presented. Do not write anything down until you are told to do so. † (5 sec) * Read list * (5 sec. ) â€Å"Write down the words exactly in the order in which I read them. You have a minute and half. † GET GROUP A AND DEBREAF. Appendix 6. Raw Data:These tables summarize the position in the list of a words, and frequency recalled. Practice lists: Practice #1|   | | Practice #2|   | | Word #| Frequency| | Word #| Frequency| | 1| 32| | 1| 31| | 2| 24| | 2| 25| | 3| 29| | 3| 21| | 4| 14| | 4| 19| | 5| 15| | 5| 17| | 6| 14| | 6| 17| | 7| 13| | 7| 18| | 8| 16| | 8| 15| | 9| 20| | 9| 17| | 10| 8| | 10| 18| | 11| 14| | 11| 12| | 12| 12| | 12| 6| | 13| 16| | 13| 12| | 14| 13| | 14| 7| | 15| 9| | 15| 13| | 16| 13| | 16| 13| | 17| 9| | 17| 12| | 18| 8| | 18| 14| | 19| 21| | 19| 13| | 20| 13| | 20| 20| | Total participants| 36| | Total participants| 36| | Control lists: A1 |   | | A2|   | | A3|   |Word # | Frequency| | Word #| Frequency| | Word #| Frequency| 1| 17| | 1| 13| | 1| 13| 2| 10| | 2| 11| | 2| 14| 3| 9| | 3| 13| | 3| 12| 4| 8| | 4| 11| | 4| 6| 5| 7| | 5| 10| | 5| 6| 6| 9| | 6| 11| | 6| 5| 7| 11| | 7| 5| | 7| 11| 8| 4| | 8| 8| | 8| 5| 9| 5| | 9| 5| | 9| 10| 10| 8| | 10| 6| | 10| 7| 11| 12| | 11| 3| | 11| 12| 12| 6| | 12| 0| | 12| 4| 13| 7| | 13| 8| | 13| 5| 14| 7| | 14| 5| | 14| 5| 15| 3| | 15| 7| | 15| 9| 16| 5| | 16| 5| | 16| 7| 17| 5| | 17| 6| | 17| 10| 18| 10| | 18| 5| | 18| 12| 19| 11| | 19| 8| | 19| 10| 20| 11| | 20| 13| | 20| 12| Total participants| 18| | Total participants| 18| | Total participants| 18|Experimental Lists: B1|   | | B2|   | | B3|   | Word #| Frequency| | Word #| Frequency| | Word #| Frequency| 1| 18| | 1| 11| | 1| 16| 2| 15| | 2| 5| | 2| 17| 3| 8| | 3| 8| | 3| 8| 4| 7| | 4| 7| | 4| 6| 5| 5| | 5| 7| | 5| 6| 6| 3| | 6| 5| | 6| 1| 7| 8| | 7| 1| | 7| 1| 8| 3| | 8| 2| | 8| 1| 9| 3| | 9| 2| | 9| 1| 10| 4| | 10| 1| | 10| 0| 11| 5| | 11| 3| | 11| 0| 12| 7| | 12| 6| | 12| 1| 13| 8| | 13| 1| | 13| 1| 14| 4| | 14| 2| | 14| 3| 15| 13| | 15| 1| | 15| 2| 16| 7| | 16| 0| | 16| 0| 17| 13| | 17| 3| | 17| 1| 18| 9| | 18| 0| | 18| 6| 19| 13| | 19| 10| | 19| 6| 20| 12| | 20| 8| | 20| 14|Total participants| 18| | Total participants| 18| | Total participants| 18| Appendix 7: Graphs of serial position curves, for each control and experimental list. A1 list B1 list In this comparison, we can notice that both the primacy and recency effects are present. These two groups were the same in the fact that both were instructed free recall, and only difference between them was the participants and the words they had to memorize. As we can notice, the lines are not exactly the same, as natural variations occur, but according to the Student T-Test these two groups are not statistically different, so the difference is by ch ance.However, we still see the fall in number of words recalled in the middle ( words 6-14), which had on average 2 words recalled (out of 8), while the first had around 5 (out of 6) , and the last around 4 (out of 6). A2 list B2 list A2 list is the control for B2, where in the A2 free recall was instructed, while the B2 had implied free recall before the list was read, and then instructed serial recall. This list (B2), had a predicted drop in frequency of words memorized, as the participants did not expect to memorize in order, so over-all panic lead to overall performance loss.As we can see, the total average recall in A2 list of 8 words, dropped down to 3 in the B2 list. However, although of the poor preset, we can see that the primacy effect is starting to be much stronger (average of 7 words compared to 4), whereas in the control. A3 list B3 list These two graphs differ in the fact that in the A3 list, free recall was instructed, whereas in the B3 list serial recall was instruc ted. Noticeably there is a drop in the frequency of middle words remembered, from an average of 7 words remembered (out of 8) in the control A3 list, to only 1 word remembered in B3, with serial recall.Appendix 8: The mean, standard deviation and the P-value was used by performing a T-test on this website:  http://www. graphpad. com/quickcalcs/ttest1. cfm ——————————————– [ 1 ]. In Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 [ 2 ]. In Murdock 1962 [ 3 ]. In Glanzer and Cunits 1966 [ 4 ]. In Deese 1957 [ 5 ]. In Deese [ 6 ]. See Appendix 2 [ 7 ]. See Appendix 2 [ 8 ]. See Appendix 1 [ 9 ]. See Appendix 3 [ 10 ]. See Appendix 4 [ 11 ]. See Appendix 5 [ 12 ]. See Appendix 5 [ 13 ]. See Appendix 2

School Behaviour Policies For Children Education Essay

Student fashion has perpetu all t experiencedy been a cardinal issue in any school. Students go to school primarily to interact with other educatees in an surroundings that is well-behaved suited for survey and drama. yet true, learners seem to be to a greater extent motivate in the resort bea than in the schoolroom. Behaviour suffers rightfully frequently when these educatees argon non every catch motivated as the others. Classify behaviour becomes debatable at the really worst as childs run their attending off from the existent donnish demands of being in school.Teachers and supply of schools ar dead set in rifle surfaceing such issue output their control of pupil behavior to in high spiritss that whitethorn non be easily to the pupils, every bit safe(p) as the school. Disciplinary actions, penitentiary in every sense, are the roughly likely to be utilise to quicken pupil misbehavior. Sir Alan manoeuvre ( 2009 ) in his news report found that in the UK, i n its schools, on that point is no demand or requisite to give schools and its staff wider powers unless there is a demand for a external respiration scheme to be cognizant and to meet the bing powers in school. In his 2005 study, he proposed wider options of let w mountss and countenances essential be at bridge player, all of which decently, reasonably and systematically applied by all concerned staff. Lapp has been suggested four old ages subsequently ( Steer, 2009 ) . Findingss have been singular in his 2009 study. He reiterated that clear regulations and the consistent application of wagess and countenances are critical. He rejects punitory root to bad behavior. Tough love is unobjectionable but punitory methods are degraded and socially destructive. Several suggestions have been earmarked so as to impose the relevancy of the findings. Steer ( 2009 ) studiesA wages system that is useful and tied to public presentation in the schoolroom ensures pupil battle an d damp behavior.Good behavior demands to be learned. It is really imperative to learn childs to act good so schools must take note processs and patterns that impart assist pupils on how to act. All staff must be good lean theoretical accounts of good behavior.Schools do living policies that reward good behavior and good work every bit good. Sanctions are in topographic point to contour the demand for better behavior but what is left out is how to make and implement appropriate wages systems.Simple countenances proved to be more than effectual than excepting the kid from category.Statistical informations on behavior progress must be at manus to hint alterations and complement here afterward actions. cheers can be used to propel pupils and promote better behavior.Using student tracking system to recognize unconditional and negative behavior is besides efficient. want and IncentivesMotivation has been long considered as a really of import factor in learning. It is the prec ursor for successful comprehension of the pupils. Geting inducements from good work after a motivative(prenominal) treatment is extremely recommended. Student origin is the involvement of pupils in larning or qualification academic work inducements are methods used to actuate pupils in larning academic stuffs ( Slavin, 1984 ) . carmine to this researchaaa?s level is to put on the motivational effects of wagess or inducements in learning. It is long known that motive plays a cardinal lam in pupil accomplishment. So, specific in this analysis is the function of motive in behavioral alterations of a pupil in a schoolroom scene.Self-worth and Self-EfficacyIn educational psychological science, it is warning runing process to analyze the intrapersonal behavior of a scholar. His or her perceptual experiences of the ego must be taken into consideration in order to happen the appropriate solutions to behavioral jobs. Dignity is linked to the self-concept of susceptibility in any sch ool scene ( Ames, 1990 ) . It is how a pupil considers his ain capacities with regard to othersaaa? . Self-efficacy is outlook or belief that wiz can perchance transport out a undertaking. It is task-specific or state of affairs particular. Often, self-efficacy serves as a barometer on a kid s w dizzyingness to larn, his set of options in larning and existent public presentation ( Ames, 1990 ) . However, age play a function in how pupils understand tycoon. Younger childs are more positive or optimistic. They have high outlooks are resilient after a failure. They tend to presume attempt and ability as the same. Older childs are more negative in measuring themselves. grounds for them gives them higher opportunities to win but ability is a set of bounds. Trying tight and neglecting are really menaces to their self-concept of ability ( Ames, 1990 ) .Students obtain self-worth and self-efficacy in relation to their environment. To act ill means self-worth and self-efficacy are dampe ned by the rigidnesss in the schoolrooms puting. Otherwise, the students are able to get by with its demands. It is here where motive plays its function. Giving wagess or inducements is one motivational tool. To maintain on relaying good behavior and its corresponding benefits, a repeat of good behavior is expect to happen. This is what we call operant conditioning or response support behaviorism. It is the gratifying of a partial or random behavior that which finally leads to the desired behavior ( PBS, 1998 Phillips & A Soltis, 2004 ) . This molds future behavior. If a wages succeeds a response to a stimulation , so that response is likely to be repeated.Complecting the constructs discussed, this publisher plots motive and the self-concept of pupils in the schoolroom finished the usage of a reward/bonus system. Changes from their behavior, chiefly their self-worth and self-efficacy leave alone be cautiously studied.MethodsBased on the premiss above that wagess play a f unction in actuating pupil behavior, this research is suggesting the efficaciousness of a wages system ( that is reenforcing ) in different schoolroom scene and pupil age groups. With the constructs of operant conditioning, this survey is specifically poised to find how studentaaa?s self-worth and self-efficacy significantly alterations ( or non ) when hardened with wagess or inducements. The Steeraaa?s studies confirm the mensurate of using such systematically.The research pass on be utilizing questionnaires and interviews as the primary elan of informations aggregation ( Anderson, 1998 ) . The questionnaires go forth both aim instructors and pupils as its respondents. Data analysis will be chiefly descriptive and correlational ( Runyon et al, 2000 Kirk, 2007 ) . Descriptive informations from socio-demographics will supply the sign analysis. Correlation analysis on pupil and instructor information from the questionnaires will follow thenceforth.The chief part of this analys is lies on the great alterations of pupil self-concept as alterations in the wages systems are put into topographic point. An analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will make a series of important trials on alterations of perceptual experience by the pupils, i.e. self-worth and self-efficacy ( as dependant variables ) before and after a wages system is placed ( Kirk, 2007 ) . Besides, the age-groups and schoolroom scene will be used as independent variables treated against alterations in self-worth and self-efficacy.